Understanding Symbolism in a Japanese Garden

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“Nothing you see here is by accident,” said our tour guide, Rolland O’Dell, when I went to the Portland Japanese Garden last month. Japanese gardens are very deliberate. Every element has purpose and meaning.

Taking a guided tour when you go to the Portland Japanese Garden—or any Japanese garden—is the way to go if you don’t already understand this style of gardening. By jumping in on a tour, I got a much richer experience than I would have on my own. Here’s some of the symbolism that would have been otherwise hidden to me.

Circle and Gourd


The moss-covered circle and gourd shapes aren’t random. The circle symbolizes enlightenment, the gourd happiness. The gravel, by the way, is special stone shipped in from near Kyoto. It sparkles in the sunlight like gemstones.


Pine Trees


Pine trees symbolize perseverance in Japanese gardens. They are often “cloud-pruned,” a painstaking task that gives them a layered look and keeps them small and tidy. Here a worker tends to one. Rolland said that each pine in the garden requires 13 man-hours of pruning per year.


Tortoise Stone


In a Japanese water garden, you are bound to see a few large stones sticking out the water. Nothing is by accident! A low, flat stone represents the tortoise, a symbol of longevity. According to Japanese folklore, the tortoise lives 10,000 years.


Crane Stone


An upright stone in the water represents the crane, also a symbol of longevity. The crane is believed to live a mere 1,000 years.


Wabi-sabi


The Moon Bridge has no paint, no varnish. It is allowed to weather and age naturally. Rolland explained that this exemplifies the Japanese concept of wabi-sabi: beauty in aging and imperfection.


Lotus Bud


The post finial on the Moon Bridge is a lotus bud, which is a Buddhist symbol of purity. This one is quite stylized, so I never would have recognized it as a flower bud, but after having it pointed out, I began to see lotus buds everywhere.


Zigzag Bridge


The Zigzag Bridge has multiple reasons behind its shape. First, it forces you to slow down and appreciate the details. You’ll note this bridge is unfinished, too. Wabi-sabi. Second, it makes you appreciate the garden from different angles. And most importantly, evil spirits only travel in a straight line, so after you cross the Zigzag Bridge, you’re safe.


Jizo Statue


In Japanese Buddhism, Jizo is the protector of travelers, and these Jizo statues are found alongside the roads in Japan. I wouldn’t have even noticed this small statue nestled in the moss along a shady path if it hadn’t been pointed out to me, much less have known what it meant.


Hokkaido Map and Asymmetrical Balance


Portland is a sister city to Sapporo, Japan, which is on the island of Hokkaido. Here a map of Hokkaido is represented in stones on the ground.

In the background, an important concept in Japanese gardening is demonstrated: asymmetrical balance. The plants on either side of the pagoda aren’t the same, though they possess roughly the same visual weight. Japanese gardens are very formal, but they don’t have straight lines and matchy-matchy planting schemes like formal European gardens.

Hide and Reveal


At this point, Rolland also pointed out the expert use of the technique he called “hide and reveal.” We could hear a waterfall, but not see it, and we could just get glimpses of other parts of the garden.

The Portland Japanese Garden was designed in the 1960s by Professor Takuma Tono. It is believed by many to be one of the most authentic Japanese gardens not on Japanese soil.


Tea House


When we got to the tea house, our tour guide explained a little about the significance of the tea ceremony. He said that the rules for the tea ceremony were codified in the 15th century, and a proper ceremony could last 4 1/2 to 5 hours. At the time, Japan was a dangerous and lawless place, and people liked going to the tea house for a bit of escapism.


Tsukubai


Before entering the tea house, you would purify yourself by washing your hands and rinsing your mouth at the tsukubai. You will also see these at temples.


Natural Garden


The Natural Garden at the Portland Japanese Garden represents birth, life, and death. Rolland said the gardeners find pruning the most difficult in this section. Apparently, making something look as if it hasn’t been pruned at all isn’t as easy as you think.


Especially if you really, really want to prune everything like this!


With very few exceptions (cherries, plums, chysanthemums) flowers are considered a distraction in Japanese gardens. I went during prime azalea season, but you’d hardly know it. Almost all of the blooms were sheared off. Sculpted forms are what is considered beautiful.


Sand and Stone Garden


Rolland said this had become his favorite garden. Though bleak-looking, it contains all of the key elements of a classic Japanese garden: stone, water (simulated), and plants (lichens and moss on the stones).


What Japanese garden symbolism have I missed?

 


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10 Responses

  1. Richard Hoffman
    Richard Hoffman at | | Reply

    Thank you, Amy, for this lovely tour of the Portland Japanese Garden. Though I visited the garden many times through the years, I never realized the symbolic representations and the role they played in shaping the wonderful garden!

  2. Dragos
    Dragos at | | Reply

    Japanese gardens have that particular serenity, somehow the energy flows better and you’d feel a little more free and serene in them. At least that’s what I think it would be, I have never been into one. For me, I just want to re-create that little peacefulness in my own conventional garden, the oft-talked about sensation. Just wondering, are those three trees Japanese pine trees in the Hide and Reveal photography?

  3. Bill
    Bill at | | Reply

    I love visiting Japanese gardens when I travel. This is particularly interesting because we went to the Japanese gardens in Portland last summer…and I missed a lot of the symbolism. I am definitely rereading this before we go back and signing up for a tour –it makes the whole experience so much more meaningful.

  4. Of Urban Parks, Gardens, and Nature Spaces – Fountains of Wayne

    […] space to clear one’s mind or simply enjoy the scenery. In some cases, one might even stumble on a garden symbolism that can spark creative ideas or inspirations. Japanese rock gardens and other traditional gardens […]

  5. Sherry Ellis
    Sherry Ellis at | | Reply

    I love Japanese Gardens. They are so restful!

  6. Karisu
    Karisu at | | Reply

    My family and I are from out of state, but we have been to the Portland Japanese Garden several times. It is quite authentic, and definitely rivals the best gardens that we have visited in Kyoto. It is truly a wonder and a delight, refreshing to the soul, and worth seeing at all different seasons for the different seasonal expressions one experiences there. Thank you for this post!

  7. Marshall Hosel
    Marshall Hosel at | | Reply

    Nice article and informative. Updates would be great. Thanks.

  8. sbobet
    sbobet at | | Reply

    Excellent post. I certainly love this site. Keep writing!

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